LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

 

What is the Lightning Protection Systems LPS?

Lightning Protection Systems LPS

A Lighting Protection System (LPS) is the system that provides a means by which a lightning discharge may enter or leave earth without passing through and damaging personnel, electrical equipment, and non-conducting structures such as buildings.

 

FUNCTION

A lightning protection systems only purpose is to ensure safety to a building and its occupants if lightning happens to hit it directly, a task accomplished by providing a good, safe path to ground for the lightning to follow.

 

1. Functions of an external lightning protection system

• Interception of direct lightning strikes via an air-termination system
• Safe discharge of lightning current to earth via a down-conductor system
• Distribution of the lightning current in the ground via an earth-termination system

1. Functions of an internal lightning protection system

Prevention of dangerous sparking in the structure by establishing equipotential bonding or keeping a separation distance between the LPS components and other electrically conducting elements.

 

DEFINITION

• Lightning

Electrical discharge of atmospheric origin between cloud and earth comprising one or more impulse of many kilo amps.

• Lightning protection system

The whole system of the conduction used to protect a structure from the effect of lightning.

 

 

 

MAIN CONCEPT

MAIN CONCEPT

Air termination installed above the structure intercept lightning discharges and sends the current to the ground electrode through the down conductor.

 

COMPONENT

1. Rod or “Air Terminals”

Rod or “Air Terminals”

• The small vertical protrusions designed to act as the ‘terminal’ for a lightning discharge
• Rods can be found in different shapes, sizes and designs
• Most are topped with a tall, pointed needle or a smooth, polished sphere
• The functionality of different types of lightning rods, and even the necessity of rods altogether, are subjects of many scientific debates

1. Conductor cable

Conductor cable

• Heavy cables (right) that carry lightning current from the rods to the ground
• Cables are run along the tops and around the edges of roofs, then down one or more corners of a building to the ground rods.

3) Ground rods

Ground rods

• Long, thick, heavy rods buried deep into the earth around a protected structure
• The conductor cables are connected to those rods to complete a safe path for a lightning discharge around a structure.

 

 

Basic Principle of Lightning Rods

• A lightning rod typically consists of a pointed metal pole which extends upward above the building which it is intended to protect.
• This conducting rod is attached by a copper cable to a grounding rod which is buried in the earth below
• A lightning rod is an illustration of the principle that the electric field strength is great around a pointed object
• The intense electric fields surrounding a pointed object serve to ionize the surrounding air, thus enhancing its conductive ability
• As a storm cloud approaches, there is a conductive pathway established between the statically charged cloud and the lightning rod.
• Static charges gradually migrate along this pathway to the ground, thus reducing the likelihood of a sudden and explosive discharge
• Thus, the primary role of a lightning rod is to discharge the cloud over a longer length of time, thus preventing the excessive charge build up which is characteristic of a lightning strike.

 

 

REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

BUILDING CASE: B11 ACADEMIC BUILDING

REFUSE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Have we ever thought where the rubbish and waste from our food, office and home goes and managed? And what happen if there no authorities take responsibility to manage all the rubbish? All this answer we will get when learning about refuse disposal system that will explain to us what, where and how rubbish are been manage.

Refuse disposal system refer to all non-hazardous solid waste that come from community that require collection and transport to a processing or disposal site. besides that , solid waste management is a set of activities or technique for the collection, treatment and disposal of the solid wastes of the community.

SOLID WASTE

The term solid waste include

• Garbage (food waste)
• Rubbish (paper, plastic, wood, metal)
• Demolition product
• Sewage treatment residue
• Dead organic like animal and plant

WASTE PRODUCT FORM

SOURCES OF WASTE 

SOURCES OF WASTE

HOW IT EFFECT HEALTH?

The percentage of waste produces everyday increase in just an hour .mostly in urban are such as city and resident home.  When the waste is not fully treating and manage, it will affect human health and also population to our nature.

WASTE TO BE COMPOSED

Human get disease and illness like diarrhea even worst death.  Nature been hurt by waste material and affect many flora and fauna death. This cause of waste material that fail to manage. But how this diseases been spread.

The first factor is the present of animal that attracted by the waste .insect such as fly are easily attract to waste and stink smell that came from waste material. When they land on it, the bacterial and germ are attached to their tiny feet and the move to another place that are approachable by human such as food. Besides, animal from rodent categories like rats can cause deadly disease to human to.

ANIMAL AGENT

When the waste is not manage well, the disease also can be transfer by wind. All the waste that been dump and no proper treatment had been mad can cause air pollution like unpleasant odor .also affect the nature as well. When the raining season come, the water will bring the waste material and flow to near river and pond, thus its will affect the cleanness and purify of the water.

WATER POLLUTION

METHOD OF DISPOSAL

There is several method of use now day such as:

• Dumping

A common way that people use and economic. When all the wastes that been collected will be assemble in one site before it’s been treat or dispose to the ground. This method can affect pollution to surrounding are and not environmental friendly.

DUMPING

 

• Composing

A method that been used to turn home and organic waste to benefit product for vegetation. Using bacterial and small insect that will compose the waste  .

COMPOSING

• Incineration

The waste and rubbish are been dispose by the combustion process in a incineration site or place. This method not economic and hard to handle rather than others. However, its produce heat energy that can bee use to generate electricity for other purpose.

INCENERATION

CASE STUDY REFER TO BUILDING B11 FALKUTI ALAM BINA

The waste and rubbish are commonly come from the occupant such as paper, plastic, food waste and other office rubbish. We can see that in every floor of the building and room will be provide with a dustbin for disposal waste and rubbish.

B11 waste assemble site or house

Then, the waste will be collected and assemble in one place or a site. after that the authorities will collect the waste for future treatment and managed.

TANJUNG PIAI STUDY TOUR

According to our trip to Tanjung Piai National Park, there are several task that had been given us to as a part of learning process of understanding in Building Services subject.

ABOUT TANJUNG PIAI

LAYOUT OF TANJUNG PIAI

This is the overall layout sketch of Tanjung Piai National Park in Pontian Johor. It is the southernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia and thus the most southern point of mainland Eurasia. The skyline of Singapore is visible across the Johor Strait from the point. It features seafood restaurants, perched on wooden jetties that are surrounded by a rugged and rarefied coastline of unspoiled mangrove forests. Tanjung Piai also has 22 species of ma grove tree that had been one of the important habitat for migratory and resident birds.

SERVICES AVAILABLE

There are several services that available on Tanjung Piai for occupant comfort and safety . Firstly, Tanjung Piai provide air conditioning system in some part of the building such as office,briefing room and others due to the climate condition which as we know Malaysia country climate is hot and raining.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Beside that , electrical supply is also available on whole area in Tanjung Piai for generate electrical energy . According to that full lighting system were installed in some area for safety and comfort purpose.

LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

One of the services that attract us that Tanjung Piai also provide an alternative way to keep their asphalt road dry during raining day. Piping services are located in sloping area which is to provide waterway from the road.

WATERWAY FOR ROAD

Lastly, clean water supply also provide in Tanjung Piai for cleaning and other work. The installation of full sewage system also help to maintain the environment and ecosystem especially the sea water.

CLEAN WATER SUPPLY

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR

Based on our observation, there was not really used services along the walkway area. There didn’t provide electrical supply along the walkway area since to maintain their environmental factors as flora and fauna area. Artificial light on midnight will disturb mostly of nocturnal animal that active and hunting at night such as owl ,bats and other insect. To keep the natural ecosystem, Tanjung Piai do not provide any lighting supply on area which is the home for mangrove habitat.

CONSTRAINT IN PROVIDING SERVICES 

Based on our observation, mostly the defection of the facilities and services are caused by the environmental factor. Firstly, based on our interview the defection caused by wildlife that are mostly of the monkeys that live in the jungle. Next, the situation of Tanjung Piai which is nearest to the sea that included the process of high tide and low tide every day. Uncertain weather also caused the defection in services and facilities around Tanjung Piai.

DEFECTION CAUSED BY UNSTABLE WEATHER  

DEFECTION CAUSED BY WILDLIFE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GROUP TASK 1:Describe the materials, methods & technological advancement that have created modern buildings as you recognized in the chosen example

Describe the materials, methods & technological advancement that have created modern buildings as you recognized in the chosen example.

BUILDING CHOOSE : KLCC

 

MATERIALS

• High-strength concrete.

To simplifying connections in joints of difficult geometry and providing fire-rated shaft walls in the core. Concrete also can aids wind resistance because of its inherent stiffness and damping properties, which reduce the buildings’ response to gusts of wind.

• Curtain wall

The curtain wall of each of the triangular corners of the towers is flat with a 90º corner at its extremity, while the curtain wall of the semicircular protrusions is faceted. The curtain wall is composed of alternating rows of tinted glass, back-painted glass, and aluminum mullions add texture to the façade. The curtain wall panel system in KLCC comprises a total of 33, 000 panels.

• Steel beams and decking

KLCC use of steel beams and decking enabled fast and flexible construction to meet an ambitious schedule, while permitting last-minute or post-construction changes to accommodate special openings or loading requirements requested by the tenants.

 

METHODS

• Industrialised Building System (IBS)

Main objective was to accelerate the completion of the projects on time besides being able to build building in substantial quality. The IBS is a construction system where all components are manufactured at the factory beyond the construction site before being placed and installed with

INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SERVICES

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT OF BUILDING

In construction industry, environment means relating to or caused by the surrounding in which someone lives or something exists. Environment can affect people or creature behavior and attitude depend the surrounding situation that they lives. The factor of surrounding can be temperature, humidity, safety and light. For example, primitive people who live in hot climate condition will find a way to make themselves survive in that surrounding and feel comfort. Thus they will build a shelter that will maximize their own comfort and needed depending on the surrounding factor.

Continue, the main function of a building is to provide shelter to occupant .But through past this modern technology era, building not only to require shelter but have a duty to provide an environment where people can feel comfortable to work or live. People will keep improve and expand the quality of their building to maximize their own comfort. Thus the innovation of more modern material, methods and technological advancement are the positive impact of this improvement. Nowadays, building can be taller and huge, safer to occupant. Besides that, the side impact to more job and business opportunity were created.

Nature cycle of life, what give benefit to our live also has their side impact like Ying and Yang. The improvement of this technology will affect other factor well such as the increasing of pollution to environment, more forest will be destroy , extinction and effect human health as well. We all agree improvement of technology is respectable but we also must emphasize the other affect to others factor.

Air Pollution in Hong Kong City, China

 

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES

The important of building services is continued to be properly maintained to ensure that they can function as efficiently and effectively.

The weakness of buildings due to the lack of maintenance could lead to future financial burdens, and other industrial relation issues and affect the delivery of services

While therefore we should keep understanding to identify building problems of building materials and its mechanical and electrical systems are aspects of the process of preserving and conserving building quality and to ensure the efficiency of the facilities.

Building Services

 

HUMAN COMFORT

Human comfort is defined as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment.  Factors that determine human comfort include temperature, radiant temperature, air humidity, air motion and dust.

Temperature is one factor to the human comfort.  If the air around people is too cold or too warm that could make people sick.  That’s why people dress appropriate for the weather condition.  So, people dressed thick feel comfort during winter while people dressed thin feel comfort during summer.

Radiant temperature is one of factor to the human comfort.  The mean radiant temperature is the average effect of radiation from surrounding surfaces.  Radiant heat of temperature maybe present if there are heat sources in environment like around sun, fire and oven.  People feel discomfort in radiant temperature too higher.

Air humidity is one factor to the human comfort.  Air humidity plays an important role in human comfort because of people feel cooler in drier air when their perspiration can readily evaporate.  People feel warmer in air with higher relative humidity because of the evaporation process is become slower.  The surrounding air able to absorb water or sweat so that evaporation occurs.  Evaporation needs the body produce sweat and that air is able to absorb it.  Relative air humidity in excess make people feel discomfort because of the air will not be able to absorb the perspiration from their body that removes heat.  In other mean, high humidity increase discomfort by making it more difficult to evaporate perspiration into the air when hot weather.

Air motion is one of factor to the human comfort.  Air in motion that also called as wind (breeze or wind current).  It’s important because of air motion determine process of heat transfer from the skin and into the surrounding air.  The higher the velocity of air, the process of cooling is more effective as well as people feel more comfort.

Dust is one of factor to the human comfort.  The mean of dust is tiny pieces of waste matter which can be found on surfaces and in the air.  Dust in excess can make people feel comfort because of that make people cough badly.